From flow curve, we can determine the flow stress as. The varied flow is broadly classified into two types. Classification, types and regimes in open channel flow. Steady flow uniform flow varied flow gradually varied flow rapidly varied. Concept of best hydraulic section, design of rigid boundary canal, design of channel in alluvial formation kennedys theory, lacys.
What is the difference between steady and unsteady flow. F, dimensional analysisrayleighs method and buckinghams pi theoremstudy of hydraulic models, hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and moving flat. In rapidly varied flow rvf, a sudden change of occurs at a particular po of a channel depth and the change from one depth to another takes place in a distance of very abort length. Analysis of the load flow problem in power system planning.
Aait department of civil engineering 12152010 page 7 of 27 table 5. There are many types of losses of head for flowing liquids such as friction, inlet and outlet losses. Chezy equation, manning equation best hydraulic sections for uniform flow computation in uniform flow specific energy and specific force critical depth and velocity. Application of momentum principle in open channel flow pdf 1. In fact, power flow forms the core of power system analysis. Gradually varied flow rapidly varied flow hydraulic jumps flow through nonprismatic channel sections like bridges, piers, etc. For curvilinear or rapidly varied flow, the value of p must be corrected for curvature effect of the streamlines of the flow. Due to nonhydrostaticpressure distribution, rapidly variedflow can not be analyzed by using the same approach as that for parallel flow. Governing equation of gvf, classification of gradually varied flow, computation of gvf profile, rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, flow over a hump, flow in channel transition. Graduallyvaried flow in open channels lecture notes 06. Lecture note for open channel hydraulics by belete b. Plan and design various types of weirs for discharge measurement as well as special types such as labyrinth.
The hardy cross method is an adaptation of the moment distribution method. What is the difference between uniform and non uniform flow. If water depth or velocity change abruptly over a short distance and the pressure distribution is not hydrostatic, the water surface profile is characterized as rapidly varying flow rvf. Gate material ies master open channel flow study material. Graduallyvaried flow in open channels lecture notes 06 1. What is the difference between rotational and irrotational flow. For rapidly varied flow abrupt changes, steps, weirs. The occurrence of rvf is usually a local phenomenon.
The power flow problem power flow analysis is fundamental to the study of power systems. The h j term represents the energy lost as the flow moves through the hydraulic jump. Introduction a steady nonuniform flow in a prismatic channel with gradual changes in its water surface elevation is named as graduallyvaried flow gvf. Hydraulics and hydraulic machinery notes pdf hhm notes pdf. The major loss is that due to frictional resistance of the. In an openchannel flow froude number is defined as. Pdf study of flow characteristics over a rounded edge.
Gradually varied flow iii hydromechanics vvr090 spatially varied flow flow varies with longitudinal distance. Hydraulics nptel online videos, courses iit video lectures. Define gradually varied flow and rapidly varied flow in open channel. Kinds of open channel flow, channel geometry, types and regimes of flow velocity distribution in open channel. In an openchannel flow, there are three types of flow. Velocity distribution in open channel, wideopen channel. Basic hydraulic principles of openchannel flow by harvey e. Civil engineering4th semester lecture notesfree download. Therefore, it is clear that, the effect of gravity is very important in openchannel flow. Rapidly varied flow if water depth or velocity change abruptly over a short distance and the pressure distribution is not hydrostatic, the water surface profile is characterized as rapidly varying flow rvf. Flow stress can be determined form simple uniaxial tensile test, homogeneous compression. Advanced hydraulics nptel online videos, courses iit video. Civil engineering n p t e l national programme on technology. Chapter 7 flow through pipes 71 friction losses of head in pipes 72 secondary losses of head in pipes 73 flow through pipe systems 71 friction losses of head in pipes.
Computation of rapidly varied, unsteady, freesurface flow by. N u n the nonuniform flow is further classified into two types i rvf rapidly varied flow ii gvf gradually varied flow rvf. It is defined as that flow in which the depth of flow changes abruptly over a small length of a channel. Dynamic equations of gradually varied flow, assumptions and characteristics of flow profiles, classification of flow profile, draw down and back water curves,profile determination, graphical integration, direct step and standard step method, numerical methods, flow through transitions, dynamic equation of spatially varied flow. A permanent magnet placed above this conducting ladder, moves rapidly to the right at a speed v, so that its magnetic field b sweeps across the conductors. Rapidly varied flow introduction video lecture by prof. Steady, gradually varied flow is discussed in this chapter and the rapidly varied flow in chapter. Rapidly varied flow analysis is a complex phenomenon and involves remarkable characteristics.
Compute back water and drawdown profiles for various gradually varied flow situations and to assess the. What is the essential difference between gradually varied. What are the difference between pipe flow and free surface flow. In addition, the flow surface may become discontinuous if the flow depth changes rapidly such that the surface profile breaks, e. Raphson and fast decoupled methods were compared for a power flow analysis solution.
Introduction to kinds of open channel flows and properties like specific energy, force, etc. Steady, gradually varied flow is discussed in this chapter and the rapidly varied flow in chapter 7. Solving pipe networks hardy cross method the fluid mechanic. Compute back water and drawdown profiles for various gradually varied flow situations and to assess the stage and discharge in channel during flood and dam break catastrophe. Rapidly varied flow rvf occurs over a short distance near the obstacle. Lecture 29 rapidly varied flow introduction nptel video lecture topic list created by linuxpert systems, chennai get digimat digital media access terminal for highspeed video streaming of nptel and educational video courses in lan.
The hydraulics and hydraulic machinery pdf notes hhm pdf notes book starts with the topics covering energy and momentum correction factors, non uniform flowdynamic equation for g. What is the essential difference between gradually varied flow and rapidly varied flow. The hardy cross method is an iterative method for determining the flow in pipe network systems where the inputs and outputs are known, but the flow inside the network is unknown. However, this is not the case in rapidly varied flows where significant acceleration normal to flow direction may be produced by sharp curvatures in the streamlines. Solving pipe networks hardy cross method the fluid. Computation of rapidly varied, unsteady, freesurface flow by david r. For more details on nptel visit mod01 lec01 introduction advanced hydraulics. The gradually varied flow equations are first derived. Nptel video lectures, iit video lectures online, nptel youtube lectures. If the curvature in a varied flow is large and the depth changes appreciably over short lengths, then the flow is termed as a varied flow. This paper presents analysis of the load flow problem in power system planning studies. Examples are spiked river hydrographs in shallow streams from. Nonuniform steady flowequations for gradually varied flow direct step method, rapidly varied flow hydraulic jump location of hydraulic jump flow under sluiceswater surface profiles. The method was first published in 1936 by its namesake, hardy cross.
A power flow analysis method may take a long time and therefore prevent achieving an accurate result to a power flow solution because of continuous changes in power demand and generations. What do you mean by secondary flow and spiral flow. The examples of rvf are hydraulic jump and hydraulic drop. Oct 12, 2014 what is the essential difference between gradually varied flow and rapidly varied flow. Definition and differences between pipe flow and open channel flow types of flow properties of open channel fundamental equations velocity distribution in open channel steady uniform flow.
Rapidly varied channel flow hydromechanics vvr090 rapidly varied flow in nonprismatic channels example of such flows to be discussed. Flow curve is the stressstrain curve for a material in the plastic range. Gradually varied flow gvf occurs over larger distances and usually. In openchannel flow the driving force that is the force causing the motion is the component of gravity along the. In openchannel flow the driving force that is the force causing the motion is the component of gravity along the channel bottom. Importantyou have to use specific force for hydraulic jumps because the friction loss in the fluid due to the eddying is significantspecific energy does not work because it neglects frictionspecific force wont work on weirs etc because it does not consider the force on the weir itself. Rapidly varied flow hydraulic jump video lecture by prof. Introduction to gradually varied flow flood modeller.
Jan 23, 2016 graduallyvaried flow in open channels lecture notes 06 1. Gradually varied flow is defined as steady nonuniform flow in a channel in which there are gradual changes in the water depth. Documents for lecture 34 flow in open channels examples of gradually varied flow lecture 34 flow in open channels pdf. A power flow solution is often the starting point for many other. Study of flow characteristics over a rounded edge drop structure in open channel. Froehlich abstract the three basic principles of openchannelflow analysis the conserva tion of mass, energy, and momentum are derived, explained, and applied to solve problems of openchannel flow. Flow stress is the stress required to sustain a certain plastic strain on the material. Basco abstract the correct physical simulation of unsteady, free surface flows with large surface gradients remains an important research area of computational hydraulics. Rvf can often be observed near the inlet and outlet of culverts, and wherever. Arup kumar sarma, department of civil engineering,iit guwahati. Rapidly varied flow hydraulic jump video lecture by prof arup.
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